Reza Afkhami Aqda; Alireza Roustaei
Abstract
Literary discourse is one of the contemporary doctrines of criticism that tries to open a new window for understanding literary texts and reveal the hidden beauties of texts through the analysis of literary words and their effects on arousing the emotions of the audience. One of the most important ...
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Literary discourse is one of the contemporary doctrines of criticism that tries to open a new window for understanding literary texts and reveal the hidden beauties of texts through the analysis of literary words and their effects on arousing the emotions of the audience. One of the most important masterpieces of the Jahili poet, Imru al-Qais, alongside his Hanging Poem (معلقه) is "Ala um Sabah..." (الا عم صباحا ...), which has attracted the attention of many critics since ancient times. This study tried to analyze the effects of the social and temporal factors of the society that the poet lives in, on his discourse. The analysis of linguistic structures of the poem shows that social and cultural factors have consciously or unconsciously influenced the poet's discourse. Moreover, investigating the music of the ode and the syntactic and rhetorical structures shows that the creation of various images in addition to creating literary beauties in the ode have had a great impact on conveying the dominant ideas of the poet and attracting the audience
Reza Afkhami Aghda; Mohsen Zamani; Vesal Mymandi
fatemeh jamshidi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
One common issue in literary criticism is the way spiritual concerns of a writer is reflected in his/her work. Since literary texts borrow their nature from human soul, they can be affected by the mental condition of their writers. This mutual relationship is a fact ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
One common issue in literary criticism is the way spiritual concerns of a writer is reflected in his/her work. Since literary texts borrow their nature from human soul, they can be affected by the mental condition of their writers. This mutual relationship is a fact of all periods and literary tradition of the whole world. This article intends to show the sense of inferiority in 'Antarah ibn Shaddad' character and how this feeling is reflected in all aspects of his character.
2. Theoretical Framework
Definition of the sense of inferiority
Inferiority is a phenomenon most of people are involved with. It has both negative and positive aspects. The origin should be sought in a failure that faces the desire to superiority (Mansoor, 1990, 13). In the first step, family environment plays a negative role (ibid, 17). This feeling takes formin the childhood. There are two sources for this feeling inside a person; one is organic and the other is neglect (Schulz, 1998, 139).
Knowing 'Antarah ibn Shaddad'
He was an Arab warrior, horse rider and poet, who was born in the "Najd" in the year 525 AD. His mother, Zibieh and an Ethiopian slave girl, grew him up. Since he was the son of a slave, he was also known as a slave (Fakhori, 1986, 204 and 205). Some believe that his father's name was Shaddad while others name him Amru Ibne Shaddad. It was only when Antarah supported "Bani Ays" tribe against the attack of their enemies that his father confessed that Antarah was his son (Esfahani, Bita, 239/8). Although, he defended the tribe in wars by his own courage, he was always contempted by his community (Badavi, 1988, 281).
3. Method
This is a descriptive-analytical research, which describes the life of Antarah ibn Shaddad together with the most important symptoms of inferiority collected from psychological resources. The symptoms of this feeling are demonstrated by using the collection of his own poems.
4. Conclusion
According to the findings, the analysis of the works and poems of previous poets is effective via new sciences, and this can help us gain a better understanding of old literature. By investigating the poems of Antarah and testing the feasibility of Adler's principles of psychology in his poems, it is determined that many inferiority signs are manifest in his character. Antarah's feeling of inferiority is reflected in characteristics such as pride, altruism, revenge, the desire to be seen etc. This feeling was the provoking force of Antarah's behaviors, and it was the same sense of superiority which was the driving force behind his major behaviors and distinguished his character from those of others. What was a final goal of war and love for other poets was an instrument for him to get to his own goals, including going to war and writing poems. From his perspective, love was a means for proving the positive sides of his character and for overcoming the sense of inferiority. Given the meaning of his poems, this feeling never turned to a sort of inferiority complex for him.
Dr. Reza Afkhami Aghda Reza Afkhami Aghda
Abstract
The image of a wild bull in pre- Islamic poem usually links to the roadster of poets, that is a camel, and from their view points the constituents of bull's image are similar to those of camel’s image.
Relying on Jahez's ideas on such an image in the pre-Islamic poems, some of the contemporary researchers ...
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The image of a wild bull in pre- Islamic poem usually links to the roadster of poets, that is a camel, and from their view points the constituents of bull's image are similar to those of camel’s image.
Relying on Jahez's ideas on such an image in the pre-Islamic poems, some of the contemporary researchers and critics argue that the camel’s image corresponds to the religion, rites, social customs as well as literary traditions. Furthermore, it consists of certain echoes of traditions, habits and tribal worships as the people in Arabia, while worshipping cows, considered them as a magic fetish and spell in case of praying for rain.
To show a harmony between the different elements of the pre-Islamic ode, one may choose a mythological analysis which reveals a deep relation between the concepts and contents of the ode. In this type of analysis, the wild bull represents the symbol of wisdom and power and cleverness which are considered the characteristics of camel which – in turn- is the persona of the poet.
Key words: pre-Islamic poem, wild bull, life and death, religious rites.
